• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention describes a solar dryer configured to extract a volatile substance contained in a product using a heat transfer gas that does not undergo phase change, comprising: a compressor (1) configured to compress a flow of heat-carrying gas connected to its low-pressure side ; a turbine (2) mechanically coupled to the axis of the compressor (1) and whose high-pressure side is connected to the high-pressure side of the compressor (1), so that the turbine (2) receives the flow of compressed heat-transfer gas and obtains work from its expansion; a solar collector (3) arranged on the high-pressure side of the turbine (2) to heat the flow of compressed heat-transfer gas; a drying device (4) disposed downstream of the solar collector (3) to receive the flow of heated heat-transfer gas to evaporate and entrain the volatile substance contained in the product. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2626253A1
    申请号:ES201630068
    申请日:2016-01-21
    公开日:2017-07-24
    发明作者:Antonio LECUONA NEUMANN
    申请人:Universidad Carlos III de Madrid；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

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    Solar dryer
    OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
    The present invention pertains to the field of drying products such as materials, foods or medicaments containing volatile substances, such as water.
    The object of the present invention is a new solar dryer specially designed to use a heat transfer gas without phase change, which is advantageous in many aspects.
    BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    To carry out the drying of a product that contains some or several volatile substances, such as water, solvent, etc., sufficient heat energy is required to provide the energy corresponding to the enthalpy of phase change of said volatile substance, thus as a drag stream that carries evaporated volatile substances. Generally this is done by consuming energy, which implies a cost and / or an input that requires a supply, whether renewable or non-renewable.
    The use of solar energy can reduce the energy consumption required for drying. This avoids the use of energy obtained from other more polluting and / or expensive sources and reduces the emissions to the atmosphere associated with the consumption of energy obtained from fossil fuels. In addition, solar energy can be captured at the same location where the dryer is located, thus avoiding the transport of energy from a remote producer to the consumer.
    The collection of solar energy and its transformation into thermal energy is generally associated with the heating of a heat transfer fluid that, after heating in the solar collector or collectors / is thermal / s, or even evaporating, yields its sensible and / or latent heat in the point of consumption, returning in a closed circuit to the input of the collector. The use of a heat transfer fluid gives the system a high calorific density, but also the need for maintenance to avoid leaks and leaks. In addition, if water vapor or other fluid with phase change is used as a heat transfer fluid, pressure-resistant vessels, devices and ducts are required. On the other hand, this heat transfer fluid
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    It is an economic expense in itself, because it must be acquired, filled in to compensate for leaks, it must be replaced in the event of degradation. Even Kquido itself can be dangerous and / or polluting, as is the case with thermal oils, requiring recycling or elimination at the end of its operational life. The use of thermal oils can lead to the appearance of rubbers, varnishes or inlays. On the other hand, the vapor pressure of the heat transfer fluid can pose an explosion hazard if it overheats. The use of water as a heat transfer fluid involves the use of antifreeze additives that are expensive, pollutants and degrade their fluid transport properties, and can even cause corrosion.
    DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    The present invention proposes the use of a heat transfer gas that does not undergo any phase change, such as air, for the extraction of a volatile substance or substances contained in a product, which, once removed, constitute a fluid. This heat transfer gas carries the heat from inside a solar collector, where its heating takes place, to a drying device where it causes the evaporation and entrainment of the volatile substance present in the product, whether it is pure or a mixture of several of them. This involves heating the product, which may be desirable in itself. In fact, in addition to the drying effect itself, heating can produce desirable physical and / or chemical transformations in the product. Thanks to the combination of contact with the heat transfer gas, drying and / or temperature increase, desirable physical and / or chemical transformations can be achieved in the product. Moreover, the volatile substance extracted from the product could contain substances of interest, which could be obtained in a subsequent process of condensation and separation of the heat transfer gas.
    Since the gases have a low thermal conductivity and density compared to liquids, the heat transfer gas is compressed before the drying stage with the purpose of considerably increasing its ability to receive and yield heat, and therefore also its ability to drying, heating and, where appropriate, processing of the product in question. The main advantage associated with the use of a gas without phase change is related to the fact that, in case of leakage, most of the gases do not pose serious problems of danger or environmental impact. This implies much lower maintenance costs compared to the use of other more polluting heat transfer fluids. This is especially true when the heat transfer gas used is air, which also has the additional advantage of being free.
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    In addition, to minimize the amount of ene necessary for the operation of this dryer, the possibility of recovering at least part of the energy invested to compress the heat transfer gas is described. This allows that, in certain situations, the dryer not only does not consume energy but also allows the obtaining of an energy surplus. This feature makes the dryer of the invention especially suitable for use in remote locations where energy supply is difficult, expensive, or absent.
    In this document, the term "high pressure side" of a turbine or a compressor generally refers to the entire high pressure zone of a circuit located downstream of the compressor or upstream of the turbine. That is, the term "high pressure side" does not refer only to the position immediately adjacent to the compressor outlet or turbine inlet. The term "low pressure side" is defined, mutatis mutandis, in the same way as the term "high pressure side".
    In this document, the term "upstream" of an element refers generally to the entire area located on the entrance side of that element. That is, the term "upstream" does not only refer to the position immediately adjacent to the input of the item in question. The term "downstream" is defined, mutatis mutandis, in the same way as the term "upstream."
    In this document, the term "product" refers to any object, material, food, medication, or any other element of interest that you wish to dry.
    According to one aspect of the present invention, a solar dryer configured to extract a volatile substance present in a product using a heat transfer gas that does not undergo a phase change is described. The proposed dryer basically includes:
    a) Compressor
    The compressor is configured to compress a flow of heat transfer gas connected to its low pressure side. This implies an increase of the pressure, and simultaneously of the temperature, of the flow of heat-carrying gas that it receives through its inlet, so that a high-pressure zone located downstream of the compressor outlet and a circuit is established in the circuit low pressure zone, usually atmospheric pressure, located upstream of the inlet
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    Compressor
    The compressor can in principle be any type of compressor machine, or even several machines in series, in parallel, or in a convenient series-parallel combination, such as a volumetric or turbocharger type compressor. In the latter case, it could be a centrifugal, axial, or even mixed turbocharger.
    b) Turbine
    It is a turbine mechanically coupled to the compressor shaft and whose high pressure side is connected to the high pressure side of the compressor, so that it receives the flow of heat-carrying gas compressed by the compressor and gets work from its expansion. That is, the turbine inlet is connected to the high pressure side of the circuit to receive the flow of heat transfer gas at high pressure and expand it for the purpose of obtaining work. Since the turbine shaft and the compressor shaft are mechanically coupled, the work obtained in the turbine is transmitted to the compressor, which thus reduces, or even completely compensated, its energy requirements. Moreover, as will be described in more detail later in this document, it is even possible that a surplus of energy is generated in the turbine.
    The turbine can in principle be any type of expansion machine, or even several machines in series, in parallel or in a convenient series-parallel combination, such as a volumetric or turbomaquine type turbine. In the latter case, it could be a centrifugal, centripetal, mixed or axial turbomachine type. As for the coupling between the turbine shafts and the compressor, it can be a single coupling or several pairs, depending on whether both the turbine and the compressor are formed by a single machine or by several machines in series and / or in parallel.
    c) Solar collector
    The solar collector is arranged on the high pressure side of the compressor and the turbine to heat the flow of heat carrier gas compressed by the compressor. In this regard, note that it is not necessary for the solar collector to be connected directly to the compressor outlet or to the turbine inlet, but only
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    available in the high pressure zone of the circuit. It can be formed by a single solar collector or a plurality of them, connected in series, in parallel, or in combination either of both types of connection to satisfactorily fulfill its function.
    The solar collector can be of any type as long as it allows heating of the flow of heat transfer gas at high pressure. For example, it may be a solar collector formed by at least one inner passageway of the heat transfer gas provided with an outer surface for receiving solar radiation and large surface elements such as fins, skewers, bars, protrusions, roughnesses , etc. arranged to favor the transmission of heat into the duct. Elements can be used to achieve solar concentration on the external walls of the conduit to raise its temperature, as well as a thermal insulation system of the conduit that allows to avoid heat losses to the outside environment by convection, radiation or conduction. For this, the conduit can have an external surface of reception of the solar rays that presents a great absorbance of the solar radiation and a low emissivity by own heating. In addition, a material layer interposed between the conduit and the incident solar rays can be provided that is primarily transparent to solar radiation and at the same time primarily opaque to radiation due to proper heating, with the purpose of contributing to the increase in the temperature of the conduit by reducing radiative losses. This interposed layer may contain a gas at adequate pressure (higher, equal, or lower than atmospheric pressure), or to the ford to hinder heat losses by convection and conduction. Therefore, ford tube collectors, parabolic trough collectors, Fresnel type collectors, and composite parabola (CPC) collectors, as well as other types of mirrors and / or lens collectors can be used to concentrate solar radiation.
    Also note that the solar collector must be prepared to operate with a high pressure gas instead of the usual heat transfer liquids. This implies, among others, higher sealing requirements
    d) Drying device
    The drying device is arranged so that it receives the gas flow
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    heat carrier heated by the solar collector for the purpose of evaporating and dragging a volatile substance contained in the product. Moreover, the drying device can even allow the product to be processed by the combined drying and heating effect.
    The drying device may in principle be of any type provided that it allows an effective drying of the product in question and, if desirable, the simultaneous physical or chemical processing of the product. For example, the drying device may be stationary, so that the product to be dried is arranged so that it is surrounded at least by some of its parts by the gas stream. Alternatively, the drying device can be of the mobile type, the product moving with the purpose of improving heat and mass transfer, as well as improving the homogeneity of drying, avoiding caking, or avoiding other unwanted physical or chemical processes. In any of its variants, the drying device can also be of the fluidized bed type.
    In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the drying device is arranged on the high pressure side of the turbine. This means that the drying device receives the flow of compressed and heated heat transfer gas, that is, at high pressure. Therefore, in this case the drying device should also be sufficiently tight and resistant to high pressure.
    Alternatively, in another preferred embodiment of the invention, the drying device is arranged on the low pressure side of the turbine. This means that the drying device receives the flow of compressed heat-carrying gas and simultaneously heated as a result of compression, subsequently heated further in the solar collector and successively expanded in the turbine, that is, at low pressure. Therefore, in this case it is not necessary for the drying device to be especially resistant to high pressures.
    This solar dryer allows drying the product in question with a very low or even zero energy consumption. Moreover, the heat transfer gas is preferably air, which completely eliminates the costs associated with the acquisition of a conventional heat transfer liquid and its transport to the place where the dryer is located. These characteristics make the dryer of the invention especially useful in isolated places or difficult to access.
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    The operation of this dryer would be essentially the following. A flow of heat transfer gas, preferably air, is introduced into the compressor inlet. The compressor raises the pressure, and also the temperature, of the heat transfer gas flow and emits it through its outlet to the entrance of a solar collector. The solar collector carries out an additional heating of the flow of heat transfer gas at high pressure, emitting through its outlet a flow of heat compressed and compressed heat. From here, there are two possibilities.
    In a first possibility, the flow of compressed and heated heat carrier gas can be directed to the inlet of the drying device to carry out the evaporation and entrainment of the volatile substance impregnated in the product to be dried. In this case, the drying device must be resistant to high pressures. Then, the heated heated compressed gas, and after its use for drying, is emitted through the outlet of the drying device and is introduced into the inlet of the turbine, which gets work thanks to its expansion. With the turbine shaft coupled to the compressor shaft, this recovered work is invested in moving the compressor. Depending on the temperature increase achieved in the solar collector, the recovered work may be sufficient to run the turbine, which does not require external energy support.
    In a second alternative possibility to the first one, the flow of compressed and heated gas can be directed directly to the turbine inlet to obtain work from its expansion. As in the previous case, since the turbine shaft is coupled to the compressor shaft, this recovered work is invested in moving the compressor. Therefore, depending on the temperature increase achieved in the solar collector, the recovered work may be sufficient to operate the turbine, which does not require external energy support. The flow of compressed, heated, and expanded heat transfer gas through the turbine then passes to the inlet of the drying device. In this case, since the flow of heat transfer gas is low pressure, it is not necessary for the drying device to be resistant to high pressures.
    Regardless of where the drying device is located, either on the high pressure side of the turbine or on the low pressure side of the turbine, the solar dryer of the present invention can be connected according to a closed loop scheme or Open loop In the case of a closed loop scheme, the low pressure side of the turbine will be connected to the low pressure side of the compressor, either directly or through interposed devices such as the drying device in the case of
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    the second possibility described above. In the case of an open loop scheme, the low pressure side of the turbine will discharge into the atmosphere, either directly or through interposed devices such as the drying device in the case of the second possibility described above.
    In a preferred embodiment, the solar dryer of the invention may further comprise an electric machine mechanically coupled to the compressor shaft and the turbine to provide mechanical energy for the operation of the compressor or to receive the mechanical energy generated by the turbine. Thus, in the event that, thanks to the increase in enthalpy of the flow of heat transfer gas through the solar collector, the expansion in the turbine produces more work on the shaft than is necessary for compression in the compressor, the connected electric machine to the common axis of the turbine-compressor couple can obtain electrical energy permanently. Alternatively, if the heating achieved in the solar collector, taking into account the losses of the installation, for example the losses produced due to the viscosity of the air or the own heat losses of the installation, is not enough for the work of Compression in the compressor is fully compensated by the work of expansion in the turbine, the electric machine can provide work at the expense of an electric consumption. In short, the use of the electric machine provides flexibility to the system.
    In another preferred embodiment, the solar dryer of the invention further comprises an optional thermal input device disposed in a position adjacent to the solar collector to cause an additional elevation of the temperature of the heat carrier gas flow compressed by the compressor. The use of this optional thermal input device, which will normally work with energy other than solar energy, constitutes a complement to the solar collector in case the heating obtained by it is not sufficient to maintain the operation of the system. For example, the optional thermal input device may be a heat exchanger fed by a flowing heating current, an electrical resistor in contact with the flow of heat transfer gas, or others.
    In another preferred embodiment, the solar dryer of the invention further comprises a cooler-condenser (ie, a cooler with condenser function) disposed on the low pressure side of the turbine downstream of the drying device to extract volatile substance from the heat transfer gas flow once condensed due to the temperature drop. This cooler-condenser may comprise a heat exchanger that lowers the temperature of the heat transfer gas flow until total or partial condensation of the volatile substance entrained by it is achieved, an element
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    responsible for separating the gas stream from the Kquida, and finally a main outlet for the flow of heat transfer gas without the volatile substance and a secondary outlet for the evacuation of the condensed volatile substance.
    As mentioned above, the cooler-condenser is located on the low pressure side of the turbine and downstream of the drying device. Therefore, when the drying device is on the high pressure side of the turbine, the cooler-condenser can be located at the outlet of the turbine. Alternatively, when the drying device is on the low pressure side of the turbine, the cooler-condenser can be located directly at the outlet of the drying device.
    In another preferred embodiment, the solar dryer of the invention further comprises a filter disposed downstream of the drying device to remove impurities from the flow of heat transfer gas. This filter is especially important when the solar dryer operates according to a closed loop scheme.
    In another preferred embodiment, the solar dryer of the invention further comprises a pair of bypass ducts that allow the turbine and the compressor to be canceled. In this way, the compressor and the turbine can be taken out of service so that the solar dryer works completely at low pressure if necessary.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
    Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
    Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
    Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
    Fig. 4 shows a schematic diagram of yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
    Fig. 5 shows a schematic diagram of yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
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    Figs. 1 and 2 show two examples of the most basic configuration of the solar dryer of the present invention with an open loop scheme and where all optional elements have been dispensed with. These two examples differ only in the position of the drying device (4), as described below in greater detail.
    Fig. 1 shows an example of a solar dryer comprising a compressor (1) that receives a flow of heat transfer gas, such as air, through the inlet (E) of the circuit. The compressor (1) raises the pressure of the heat transfer gas flow and emits it through its outlet in the direction of the entrance of a solar collector (3). The solar collector (3) is configured to raise the temperature of the flow of compressed heat carrier gas, causing an increase in its enthalpy. Next, the flow of heat transfer gas that exits through the output of the solar collector (3) passes to the inlet of a drying device (4). The drying device (4) uses the flow of compressed and heated heat transfer gas to evaporate and carry a certain volatile substance impregnated in the product to be dried. Next, the output of the drying device (4) is connected to the inlet of the turbine (2), which expands the flow of compressed and heated heat carrier gas leaving the drying device (4) to obtain a job. The turbine (2) and the compressor (1) are mechanically coupled to the same axis (11), so that the work obtained by the turbine (2) is immediately invested in moving the compressor (1). As mentioned earlier in this document, if the increase in enthalpy obtained in the solar collector (3) is sufficient, it is possible that the work obtained in the turbine (2) is equal to or greater than the work required to move the compressor (1) plus losses and degradations of circuit energy. In this case, the solar dryer of the invention would work without the need for any external energy input. The output of the turbine (2) constitutes here the output (S) of the circuit to the atmosphere.
    Fig. 2 shows an example of basic configuration of the solar dryer of the identical invention to that shown in Fig. 1 except that the drying device (4) is arranged on the low pressure side of the turbine (2) instead from on the high pressure side. Therefore, in this case it is not necessary that the drying device (4) be prepared to operate at high pressures. The output of the drying device (4) in this case constitutes the output (S) of the circuit to the atmosphere.
    Although both examples have been represented as open loop circuits with
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    an outlet (S) that emits the flow of heat transfer gas to the atmosphere, it is understood that it would be possible for said outlet (S) to be connected to the inlet (E) to give rise to a closed loop circuit. The use of a closed loop circuit is especially indicated when the heat transfer gas used is not air. To achieve operation in permanent operating conditions in a closed loop, it is essential to add a cooler-condenser (6) that evacuates heat from the current. Fig. 5 shows an example of a dryer of the invention in a closed circuit.
    Fig. 3 shows another example of a solar dryer according to the invention. In this example, the compressor (1) receives the input (E) of heat transfer gas and compresses it. Then, the flow of compressed heat carrier gas is heated in the solar collector (3) and then used by the drying device (4) for drying the product in question. The output of the drying device (4) is introduced into the turbine (2) for expansion and the work obtained is transmitted to the compressor through the shaft (11) common to the turbine (2) / compressor (1). The shaft (11) is connected here to a shaft (12) of an electric machine (5) that can generate electricity if excess energy is produced in the shaft (11) of the turbine (2) / compressor (1) or can provide energy in case there is an energy deficit in the shaft (11) of the turbine (2) / compressor (1). The turbine outlet (2) is connected to a cooler-condenser (6) that lowers the temperature of the heat transfer gas flow so that the volatile substance extracted from the product condenses. The volatile condensed substance is evacuated through a secondary outlet (13) of the cooler-condenser (6), while the flow of heat transfer gas exits through the main outlet of the cooler-condenser (6) and is sent to a filter (7). The filter (7) eliminates odors, particles, or in general any type of impurity present in the flow of heat transfer gas and possible remains of the extracted substances. Finally, the filter outlet (7) is expelled into the atmosphere.
    Fig. 4 shows another example of solar drying according to the invention that differs from that shown in Fig. 2 mainly in two characteristics. On the one hand, the drying device (4) is arranged in this case on the low pressure side of the turbine (2). On the other hand, this solar dryer comprises an additional thermal input device (10) located between the solar collector outlet (3) and the turbine inlet (2).
    Fig. 5 shows yet another example of a solar dryer according to the invention similar to that shown in Fig. 3 except that it is a closed loop circuit in this case. For this, the output (S) of the filter (7) is connected to the input (E) of the compressor (1). In addition, as mentioned, this configuration also includes a cooler-condenser (6).
    权利要求:
    Claims (11)
    [1]
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    1. Solar dryer configured to extract a volatile substance contained in a product using a heat transfer gas that does not undergo phase change, characterized in that it comprises:
    - a compressor (1) configured to compress a flow of heat transfer gas connected to its low pressure side;
    - a turbine (2) mechanically coupled to the compressor shaft (1) and whose high pressure side is connected to the high pressure side of the compressor (1), so that the turbine (2) receives the flow of compressed heat carrier gas by the compressor (1) and gets work from its expansion;
    - a solar collector (3) arranged on the high pressure side of the compressor (1) and the turbine (2) to heat the flow of heat carrier gas compressed by the compressor (1); Y
    - a drying device (4) disposed downstream of the solar collector (3) so that it receives the flow of heated heat carrier gas for the purpose of evaporating and dragging the volatile substance contained in the product.
    [2]
    2. Solar dryer according to claim 1, wherein the drying device (4) is arranged on the high pressure side of the turbine (2), so that it receives the flow of compressed and heated heat carrier gas.
    [3]
    3. Solar dryer according to claim 1, wherein the drying device (4) is arranged on the low pressure side of the turbine (2), so that it receives the flow of compressed, heated and expanded heat-carrying gas.
    [4]
    4. Solar dryer according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the heat transfer gas is air.
    [5]
    5. Solar dryer according to any of the preceding claims, which is connected according to a closed loop scheme.
    [6]
    6. Solar dryer (1) according to any of claims 1-4, which is connected according to an open loop scheme.
    [7]
    7. Solar dryer according to any of the preceding claims, which further comprises an electric machine (5) mechanically coupled to the shaft (11, 12) of the compressor (1) and the turbine (2) to provide mechanical energy for the operation of the
    compressor (1) or to receive mechanical energy generated by the turbine (2).
    [8]
    8. Solar dryer according to any of the preceding claims, which further comprises an optional thermal input device (10) arranged in a position
    5 adjacent to the solar collector (3) to cause an additional rise in the temperature of the heat carrier gas flow compressed by the compressor (1).
    [9]
    9. Solar dryer according to any of the preceding claims, which further comprises a cooler-condenser (6) disposed on the low pressure side of the
    10 turbine (2) downstream of the drying device (4) to extract the volatile substance from the heat transfer gas flow.
    [10]
    10. Solar dryer according to any of the preceding claims, which further comprises a filter (7) disposed downstream of the drying device (4) for
    15 Remove impurities from the heat transfer gas flow.
    [11]
    11. Solar dryer according to any of the preceding claims, which further comprises a pair of bypass ducts that allow the turbine (1) and the compressor (2) to be canceled.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    ES2626253B1|2018-05-08|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    ES453729A1|1975-11-27|1977-11-01|Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm|Solar-thermal power plant|
    JPS5818058A|1981-07-24|1983-02-02|Hitachi Zosen Corp|Drying apparatus utilizing solar or geothermal heat|
    WO1990000223A1|1988-06-30|1990-01-11|Imatran Voima Oy|Drying method in a power-plant process and dryer used in the method|
    US20040261285A1|2001-11-22|2004-12-30|Kenichi Harada|Drying machine system utilizing gas turbine, and method of use|
    US20090261592A1|2008-04-16|2009-10-22|Kay Thomas P|Solar Energy Conversion Using Brayton System|
    US8650770B1|2010-06-17|2014-02-18|George Samuel Levy|Air cycle heat pump dryer|
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